Expanding marine protected areas by 5% could boost fish yields by 20% 鈥� but there's a catch
Sweetlips shoal in the Raja Ampat marine protected area, Indonesia.
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Marine protected areas, or MPAs as they鈥檙e more commonly called, are very simple. Areas of the sea are set aside where certain activities 鈥� usually fishing 鈥� are banned or restricted. Ideally, these MPAs might be placed around particularly vibrant habitats that support lots of different species, like seagrass beds or coral reefs. By preventing fishing gear such as towed seabed trawls from sweeping through these environments, the hope is that marine life will be allowed to .
When used well, they can be very effective. MPAs have been shown to increase the diversity of species and habitats, and even within their bounds. argues that by expanding the world鈥檚 MPAs by just 5%, we could boost future fish catches by at least 20%. This could generate an extra nine to 12 million tonnes of seafood per year, worth between USD$15-19 billion. It would also significantly increase how much nutritious fish protein is available for a growing human population to eat.
So what鈥檚 the catch?
Spillover versus blowback
The scientific rationale is sound. We already know that MPAs can increase the numbers of fish living inside them, which grow to be bigger and lay more eggs. The larvae that hatch can help in the wider ocean as they drift outside the MPA, leading to in the areas where fishing is still permitted. We know fish can swim large distances as adults too. While some find protection and breed inside MPAs, others will move into less crowded waters outside where they can then be caught. Together, these effects are known as the of MPAs.
The study is the first to predict, through mathematical modelling, that a modest increase in the size of the world鈥檚 MPAs could swell global seafood yields as a result of this spillover. But while the predictions sound good, we have to understand what pulling this off would entail.
The study maintains that the new MPAs would need to be carefully located to protect areas that are particularly productive. Locating MPAs in remote areas offshore, which are hard to access and typically unproductive, would have much smaller benefits for marine life than smaller, inshore MPAs that can reach. Just 20 large sites in the remote open ocean account for the . As the low hanging fruit of marine conservation, these MPAs are often placed where .
A minority of the world鈥檚 MPAs are strict no-take zones. ,
The MPAs themselves would also need to be highly protected, . Only 2.4% of the world鈥檚 ocean area has this status. Increasing this by a further 5% would mean roughly trebling the coverage of highly protected MPAs, and that鈥檚 likely to provoke a great deal of resistance. Many fishers are sceptical that spillover can boost catches enough to compensate for losing the right to fish within MPAs and proposals to designate more of them.
People in the UK are often surprised to learn that fishing is allowed in most of . While 36% of the waters around the UK are by them, only 0.0024% ban fishing outright. Increasing the number and size of highly protected MPAs from just these four small sites to 5% of the UK鈥檚 sea area would represent more than a 2,000-fold increase. This would be strongly , snatching the wind from the sails of any political effort ambitious enough to attempt it.
Keeping fishers on board
Gaining the support of local fishers is crucial for ensuring fishing restrictions are successful. That support depends on fishers being able to influence decisions about MPAs, including where they鈥檒l be located and what the degree of protection will be. Assuming that designing highly protected MPA networks is mostly a matter of modelling is a mistake, and implies that fishers currently operating in an area would have little say in whether their fishing grounds will close.
Ensuring fishers buy into a new MPA is crucial for its success.
But this study is valuable. It provides further evidence for how MPAs can serve as important tools to conserve marine habitats, manage fisheries sustainably and make food supplies more secure. It鈥檚 important to stress the political challenges of implementing them, but most scientists agree that more MPAs are needed. Some scientists are pushing to .
As evidence of the benefits of MPAs continues to emerge, the people and organisations governing them at local, national and international scales need to learn and evolve. If we can start implementing some highly protected MPAs, we can gather more evidence of their spillover benefits. This could convince more fishers of their vital role in boosting catches, as well as keeping people fed and restoring ocean ecosystems.
, Reader in Environmental Governance, and , Professor of Marine Biology and Conservation,
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